Saudi women drivers took to the roads legally Sunday for the first time in the kingdom's history, as its decades-old ban on women driving finally lifted.
The end of the controversial ban brings the ultra-conservative Gulf nation into line with the rest of the world. It also represents the culmination of years of campaigning by rights activists who have sometimes been arrested and imprisoned for their efforts.
Mona Al-Fares, a dentist, was in her car before midnight, waiting for the ban to lift before setting off through the streets of Jeddah with her husband and children.
"I feel like I'm surprised -- am I really driving in my own country? I feel happy, relieved. I feel like I'm free," she told CNN.
The step, first announced last September, will liberate many women from the constraints of needing to hire a male driver to travel even small distances, allowing many more to join the workforce, grow their own businesses and explore the kingdom.
Hiring women is a key part of Saudi Arabia's ambitious plan to overhaul its economy, known as Vision 2030. The reform agenda is being spearheaded by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.
For some, though, the jubilation at realizing a hard-won freedom Sunday will be tempered by the arrests last month of a number of Saudi rights activists, including some who have played a prominent role in the fight for women's right to drive.
Many other restrictions on women's everyday lives remain in place under the male guardianship system -- including the right to marry, work or travel.
Women and their families began tweeting photos and videos of women driving and celebrating as the ban lifted.
One businesswoman said "It's our moment" in an Arab News tweet.
Another video showed a woman driving slowly down a road.
Prince Alwaleed bin Talal, a billionaire businessman who was among the scores of high-profile Saudis detained for weeks last year in a luxury hotel in what the kingdom called an anti-corruption sweep, also celebrated the lifting of the ban.
"Finally, first ride with my daughter @Reem_Alwaleed while she's driving me and my grand daughters in Riyadh," he tweeted.
'Women can't drive'
The kingdom had already issued its first driver's licenses to a handful of Saudi women, in exchange for ones they acquired while overseas.
It also staged events last week in the cities of Riyadh, Dammam, Jeddah and Tabuk to raise awareness of road safety, traffic laws and safe driving habits. Women who were new to driving could try out driving simulators and practice parking.
Rawan Ahmed, 22, first tried driving in a go-kart track in Jeddah on Friday as part of a driving awareness event. She plans to take lessons to learn the basics before applying for a license.
She believes that "90% accept women driving," she said, adding: "They chose the right time to allow women to drive. I feel this is the most appropriate time."
It may take some time, however, to change the attitudes of those opposed to the ban lifting.
"Women can't drive and they are unqualified," Khaled Abdullah Al-Houba, a 42-year-old state employee, told CNN on Saturday. He was sitting with his wife and children at the busy walkway overlooking the Red Sea in Jeddah.
"The society is not used to women driving," he said. For him, the decision taken last September was implemented too soon. "Women need at least two years to learn driving," he said, "so the women can be ready and society gets ready."
He would consider allowing his daughters to apply for a license in the future, he said, but for now, "Saudi women still don't have the guts needed to drive."
Activists arrested
Among the women's rights advocates arrested last month were Loujain Al-Hathloul, who was previously detained for 73 days in 2014 after trying to drive from the United Arab Emirates to Saudi Arabia, and Aziza al-Yousef, 70, one of the country's earliest activists for the right to drive.
Both remain in custody, rights group Amnesty International said Thursday.
Those detained were accused of "suspicious contact with foreign entities," according to a statement on Saudi Arabia's official news agency.
Rights groups have condemned the crackdown and voiced fears that it could presage a closing down of Saudi civil society.
Saudi activist and author Manal al-Sharif, who was jailed in Saudi Arabia 2011 after posting a video on YouTube of herself driving a car, had planned to visit the country from Australia, where she now lives.
But she told CNN last month she had canceled the upcoming trip out of fear for her safety.
"We are back to square one," she said. "We used to live in a police state; if you speak up you go to jail. And then there would be a defamation campaign against you, saying all sort of untrue things. Character assassination. We are seeing that same pattern again now."
Sharif also told CNN that after Saudi authorities announced plans to allow women to drive, they called her and asked her not to speak to the media about it.
Amnesty: 'Bravery and determination'
In Thursday's statement, Amnesty International called for more reforms to follow the lifting of the driving ban -- and for the detained women's rights activists to be freed.
"The lifting of the ban is testament to the bravery and determination of the women's rights activists who have been campaigning on the issue since the 1990s, and the activists following up their groundbreaking work in subsequent campaigns since 2011," said Samah Hadid, Amnesty International's Middle East campaigns director.
"While we welcome the fact that women can finally get behind the wheel, we should not forget that many people are still behind bars for their work in fighting for women's rights in Saudi Arabia."
Human Rights Watch said Wednesday that two more women's rights campaigners had been arrested in recent days "in what appears to be an unrelenting crackdown on the women's rights movement." It called for Saudi Arabia's western allies to pressure the kingdom to release all the detained activists unconditionally before they are sent for trial.
"There can be no real celebration on June 24 while the women who campaigned for the right to drive and their supporters remain behind bars," said Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East director at Human Rights Watch.
Saudi Arabia follows a strict form of Wahhabi Islam that bans the mixing of sexes at public events and places numerous curbs on women. While there has been some loosening of restrictions in recent months, rights groups say much more remains to be done.
